Medical malpractice occurs when a hospital, doctor or other health care professional, through a negligent act or omission, causes an injury to a patient. Asian journal of humanities and social sciences, 23 18 emaikwu, s. Assessing the impact of examination malpractices on the measurement of ability in nigeria 750 are products of examination malpractice have become a reserved army of the unemployable duze, 2011. Adesina 2000 traced the history of examination malpractice in nigeria to 1914. To investigate the effect of examination malpractice to both the students and educational system in general. This paper focuses on examination malpractices in educational institutions with particular reference to two. Remote causes and counseling implications of examination. A perception of examination malpractice and pupils academic. History and solutions to examination malpractice servantboy. Supervisors and custodians of examination papers are reflection of the wider society.
Onwe 2011 traced the history of examination malpractices to the late 1970s and observed that since its upsurge and preponderance in the nations educational system resulting from a general decadence in moral, ethical, cultural and sociopolitical spheres of the national development. And the act should be diligently enforced no matter whose ox is gored. In the united states, the patient alleging medical malpractice must generally prove four elements or legal requirements to make out a successful claim of medical malpractice. The origin or history of examination malpractice in nigeria dates as far back as the early 70s. Examination malpractice examination has two main distinct concepts. Trends in examination malpractice on nigerian educational system and its effects on the socioeconomic development of nigeria. Examination malpractice can simply be defined as academic dishonesty or academic fraud. Possible causes of examination malpractice examination malpractice can be attributed to several factors. Examination malpractice is any illegal act committed by a student single handled or in collaboration with others like fellow students, parents, teachers, supervisors, invigilators, printers and anybody or group of people before, during or after examinations in order to obtain undeserved marks or grades. For their teachers examination malpractice is an academic crime. Examination malpractice causes, effects and solutions in. Menace of examination malpractice in nigerian educational. Examination malpractice is any form of deliberate cheating on examinations which provides one or more candidates with an unfair advantage or disadvantage. According to afibo 1997 and maduabum 2001, examination malpractice is any doing committed before, during or after an examination which tends to jeopardize the credibility of the certificates issued.
By 12th century, there were well established medical legislations in italy, namely the edict of roger ii of sicily in 1140 and frederick ii in 1224, to prescribe organized medical teaching, set courses, examinations and qualifications. The history of medical malpractice and its relation to the law is a lengthy one, spanning back thousands of years. Examination malpractice is a cankerworm that portends grave dangers for the nation. It was during the west african examination council waec exams of that year that it became full blown when exam body discovered leakage. Examination malpractice also known as cheating is the illegal action that students take during their examinations to try to make good grades by cutting corners. There are different forms of examination malpractice. A perception of examination malpractice and pupils.
It is rampant in secondary schools, colleges, polytechnics, and universities. The negligence might be the result of errors in diagnosis, treatment, aftercare or health management. When there was a leakage of the cambridge examination. Jan 05, 2015 examination malpractice is an illegal behaviour by a candidate before, during or after the examination so that heshe can attain success easily and cheaply. Examination malpractice is not a new phenomenon in nigeria. To be considered medical malpractice under the law, the claim must have the following. Students and staff perceptions on examination malpractice. Further measures which have been taken in recent times to eradicate examination malpractice include that taken by the obasanjo administration which embedded in the national economic empowerment and development strategy needs policy document a target of 40% reduction in examination malpractice annually. Education, examination malpractice, institutions, national. Nov 26, 2008 medical malpractice is defined as any act or omission by a physician during treatment of a patient that deviates from accepted norms of practice in the medical community and causes an injury to the patient. Examination malpractice can be defined as a deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to official examination rules and is designed to place a candidate at an unfair advantage. Malpractice therefore introduces equities into the examination system. The impact of examination malpractice on national development ignatius o. It was a sevenyear program at the end of which the pupil was to take an external examination called the common entrance, later renamed the selective entrance examination.
Doctors and medicine have been mentioned in some of the earliest written law codes known to historians, and have continued to be on the law books since then, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. Cheating became widespread in schools hence in 1967, the alexander commission was set up as a special commission of inquiry to investigate the incidences of malpractice in nigeria. Examination malpractice articles inquiries journal. Abstract examination occupies a very strategic position in our lives both in education and in industries. A brief history of medical malpractice physicians news. What is the origin of examination malpractice in nigeria. There is a general worry about the poor quality of education in nigeria. The paper not only defined the concept of examination malpractice but also identified the types or forms, the.
An introduction to medical malpractice in the united states. So, what is the definition of examination malpractice. Check below for some helpful solutions to examination malpractices in nigeria. It is on recorded history that the first serious case of examination malpractice in independent nigeria was the leakage in 1977 of the west african examination council waec question paper for the west african school examination onyechere, 1996. This is any type of cheating during the examination process. The educational system has for long had serious hit from examination malpractice and this has brought into focus the need to tackle this issues in order of findings ways to eradicate such problems in the light of the above the study looked at examination.
Teachers and counsellors rely on them for a comprehensive evaluation of their students and clients. The study focused on the menace of examination malpractice in nigerian educational institutions and its implications for national productivity and economy. In those years it was referred to as expo 70, a name that is still common among students till today. A claim may also be filed in a federal court if the parties involved are from different states, or if there was an accused violation of a fundamental. An overview of examination malpractices in nigeria. The exam was used to determine who would enter secondary school and who would not. Examination malpractice in senior secondary schools includes abstract and chapter one, complete project material available examination malpractice in senior secondary schools a case study of selected senior secondary schools in ughelli north local government area of delta state abstract the purpose of this research work is to find out the causes and consequences of examination.
Other factors responsible for examination malpractice such as emphasis on paper qualification, parents desire for their children to pass at all cost or means possible. It traced the emergence of this social vice to the late 1970s and observed that examination malpractice came on. The educational system has for long had serious hit from examination malpractice and this has brought into focus the need to tackle this issues in order of findings ways to eradicate such problems in the light of. Plagiarism stealing or passing ideas or words of another as ones own. Medical malpractice suits are usually filed in a state trial court, unless the case involves federal funding, a military medical facility, or or a veterans administration facility. The problem of examination malpractices in nigeria seems to be as old as the introduction of formal system of education. Malpractice is defined as any deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to the rules of examinations designed to give a candidate an unfair advantage or able frequently, to place a candidate at a disadvantage. When however, irregularity or examination malpractice occurs, then the validity and resulting outcome is questionable. A brief history of the malawi national examinations board maneb 92. Examination malpractice is a cankerworm tending to destroy the fabric of academic development in nigeria. It is illegal and can be perpetrated by a single individual or groups. Perceived causes and methods of examination malpractice in the.
In fact, both of these notions can be used interchangeably. Pdf the paper examines the meaning of examination malpractice so also it traces history of examination malpractice in nigeria. This could involve entering the exam hall with foreign materials, copying another candidate, impersonation, exchanging answer booklets, inappropriate conversations, examiner bribery, amongst others. Genda 2008 identified under funding, lack of motivation for teachers, wrong values, family factors and personality issues as major factors contributing to examination malpractice in nigeria. Medical malpractice is a specific subset of tort law that deals with professional negligence. Examination malpractice has done a lot of harm to students since many of them have neglected their books with the hope of performing the magic they are used to performing in every examination.
This paper attempted to find out the preconceptions of students towards examination and examination ethics. The first major examination malpractice was in 1914, when the senior cambridge local examination leaked. Examination malpractice is any act of wring doing or neglect that contravenes the rules of. Majority of them end up stealing or even cheating at work.
Primary school children ages 5 to 12 started class 1 at age 5 and finished class 7 at age 12. In this research work, a sample of twenty 20 teachers and one hundred 100 students were collected by means of simple random sampling techniques from. The project highlights the causes of examination malpractice among secondary school students, the effect of examination malpractice and solution to examination malpractice in secondary schools. Examination malpractice is any form of cheating before, during or after examination. Highest iq in the world top 10 intelligent countries he who fails to prepare, gets ready to fail one of the leading causes of the examination malpractice is failed preparation. Education, examination malpractice, institutions, national development. This research study was carried out to investigate the cause of examination malpractice in nigeria schools. For example, students who engage in examination malpractice are more likely to be dishonest in other aspect of their life. Assessing the impact of examination malpractice on the measurement of ability in nigeria. Curbing examination malpractices in west african senior school certificate examinations in nigeria. Three research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. First, to achieve the purpose for which it is designed and second, to be a reliable consistent means of measurement wilayat 2009. Education can be defined as a process of teaching, training and learning especially in schools or colleges to improve knowledge and. Colluding with other students to get the right answer.
It does not only refer to students, but to staff too. This scenario took an unprecedented surge in 1963 when two public examinations of 1967, 1977, 1981 and 1987 leaked. A similar situation is the case of takingout examination materials out the examination venue with the aim of taking undue advantage. The aim of this study therefore is to assess the prevalence, causes, and consequences of examination malpractice on the measurement of. Forms and causes of examination malpractice among university. Trends in examination malpractice in nigerian educational system.
To find out the various means by which students use to cheat during examination. Pdf forms and consequences of examination malpractices in. Curbing examination malpractices in west african senior. Causes of examination malpractice in nigeria schools 34 issn 20546351 print, issn 2054636x online omemu, felix ph. The phenomenon of examination malpractice semantic scholar. Scholarship and research it is amidst these contents that examination malpractice has been found to be a challenge to the. Students and staff perceptions on examination malpractice and. West african examination council waec, which was the only. Opa abstract this study focused on the impact of examination malpractices and its implication on national development. Genda 2008 identified under funding, lack of motivation for teachers, wrong values, family factors and personality issues as major factors contributing to. Examination malpractice comes in diverse forms such as the leakage of examination papers prior to examinations and in such instances, contents of the examination could be disclosed by lecturers, examiners, printers, proof readers or college administrators. The lack of medical board certifications and recertifications when required or the presence of certifications by nonamerican. It was during the west african examination council waec exams of that year that it became full blown.
To find out the causes of examination malpractice in the college. Examination malpractice in senior secondary schools includes abstract and chapter one, complete project material available examination malpractice in senior secondary schools a case study of selected senior secondary schools in ughelli north local government area of delta state abstract the purpose. Examination malpractice act of 1999 should be amended to incorporate that section of decree 20 of 1984 which stipulated twentyone years imprisonment without option of a fine for a convicted culprit. This study considers the remote causes of examination malpractice in the nigerian education system with a view to suggest new ways of combating the problem. Nigeriaworld feature article examination malpractices in. Assessing the impact of examination malpractices on the. Examination has been generally accepted as the best means of assessment. Examination malpractice has graduated from mere stretching of the neck giraffing to see what another candidate is writing during exam or consulting unauthorized notes or books inside or outside the examination hall to such sophisticated methods a the use of microcomputer, mobile phones and guns to initiate those concerned with the administration of. Consequently, a judicial commission of enquiry headed by justice sogbetun was set up to look into the. May 30, 2019 the origin or history of examination malpractice in nigeria dates as far back as the early 70s. The examinations malpractice act 2009 explains examination malpractice as nay act of omission or commission by a person who in anticipation of before during or after any examination fraudulently secure any unfair advantage for himself or any other person in such as manner that contravenes the rules and regulations to the extent of underlining. Kleiner 1999 for instance, affirmed that the majority of the students did not believe cheating was always wrong. Examination malpractice is defined as any deliberate act of wrong doing, contrary to the rules of examinations designed to give a candidate an undue advantage.
Examination malpractice is any action done or committed which makes it impossible to use an examination in determining the level of competence of a candidate in absorbing, reproducing and where appropriate, applying knowledge, professor a. The samples were part three students drawn from the five different schools at the college of education, ikereekiti. Challenges to human resource development in nigeria 94 research centre for management and social studies individual and national economy moral upbringing of generations. Examination malpractice can be defined as an action taken before, during or after an examination that can render the result invalid. There may be a few reasons for it a unspecialized teacher that was not able to explain properly, lack of time for example if a student has a parttime job and laziness. If this happens to you there are very good medical malpractice attorneys for you.
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